The overall goal is to study and quantify air-sea interface processes  that regulate the intensity and propagation of the Monsoon Oscillation in the Northern Indian Ocean . The specific objectives of the proposed study are: (a) to evaluate the processes (such as surface and entrainment fluxes, surface wave processes, and lateral heat advection) that control upper-ocean heat content and sea-surface temperature (SST) from diurnal to intra-seasonal timescales, (b) to determine how north-south upper-ocean temperature and salinity gradients alter the intensity of monsoon convection, and (c) to understand and quantify the roles of equatorial remote forcing and local wind forcing on SST and the intensity and propagation of Monsoon Intraseasonal Oscillations.