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RAP Research Opportunities

 
     
Research Opportunities in National Institute of Standards & Technology(NIST)

“3D STEM” or Three-Dimensional Chemical Imaging in the Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope 
“Bottom-Up” Nanofabrication with Directed Self-Assembly 
“On-a-Chip” Polymer Processing Laboratory 
3D Shape Retrieval 
Absolute Flux of Standard Stars 
Achieving Single Defect Detection in Advanced Semiconductor Devices 
Acoustic and Microwave-Resonance Measurements 
Acoustic Measurement and Analysis 
Active Thin-Film Electronics Test Platforms 
Adaptive Mesh Refinement for the NIST Fire Dynamics Simulator 
Advanced AC Voltage Metrology 
Advanced Isotopic Measurements for Source Apportionment of Particulate Matter 
Advanced Mass Spectrometry of Peptide Ion Fragmentations and Biocatalysts 
Advanced Materials for Safe, Pure Drinking Water 
Advanced Optical Technology 
Advanced Sensors for Real-Time Structural Health Monitoring 
Aerosol Particle Characterization 
Affinity Materials for the Capture and Detection of Bacteria and Viruses 
Algorithm Development for Modeling Communication Systems 
Algorithm Development for Sparse Recovery and Imaging 
Amplification of Defects in Nanopatterned Media Using Block-Copolymers 
Analysis of Plastically Deformed Polycrystalline Aluminum Sheet Surfaces in Three Dimensions 
Analytical Chemistry of Nanomaterials 
Analytical Mass Spectrometry for Organics and Biomolecules 
Analytical Mass Spectrometry for Trace Gases in the Atmosphere 
Analytical Methods Development for Metabolomics 
Analytical Methods Development for the Determination of Anthropogenic Contaminants in the Marine Environment 
Analytical Methods Development for the Determination of Anthropogenic Contaminants in the Marine Environment 
Antenna Theory and Measurements I 
Antenna Theory and Measurements II 
Application of Three-Dimensional Materials Science to Explore Dimensional Effects in Miniaturized Mechanical Testing 
Applications of a Fundamental Molecular Description of Glass-Formation and Fragility in Polymeric Fluids to Nanotechnology 
Applications of Elemental Analytical Chemistry in Forensic Science 
Applications of Frequency Combs to Remote Sensing 
Applications of High-Resolution Microwave and Infrared Spectroscopy 
Applications of Modern Data Analysis and Visualization in Neutron Scattering 
Applications of Nuclear Analytical Methods to Homeland Security 
Applications of Nuclear Multi-Element Analyses in Environment Sciences 
Applications of Organic Analytical Chemistry in Forensic Science 
Applied Chemometrics for Multidimensional Separations 
Applied Mechanics and Mathematical Modeling 
Applied Optimization and Simulation 
Assessing and Comparing Compound Cytotoxicity in Marine and Terrestrial Mammalian Cell Lines 
Atom and Neutron Interferometry Meet Quantum Information Theory 
Atomic Clocks and Oscillators 
Atomic Spectroscopy for Astrophysical Applications 
Atomic Spectroscopy with the NIST Electron Beam Ion Trap 
Atomic Structure and Kinetics at Interfaces in Solids 
Atomic-Resolution Chemical Imaging of Individual Nanostructures in an Aberration-Corrected STEM/TEM 
Atomic-Scale Fabrication and Dimensional Metrology 
Atomistic Modeling for Nanomaterials Measurements 
Authentication of Cell Lines Used for Research and Healthcare Products 
Ballistic Fiber Resistance: Beyond Kevlar 
Basic Studies in Analytical Spectrochemistry 
Basic Studies in Analytical Spectrochemistry 
Bayesian Modeling of Virtual Measurements 
Bayesian Uncertainty Analysis 
Biofuels: Enabling the Transition by Advancing Thermophysics 
Biofunctional Ligand Gradients for Defined Cell Response 
Biomagnetic Imaging 
Biomarkers, Molecular Cytogenetics, and Cytometry Systems 
Biomimetic Nanomaterials 
Biomimetic Regenerative Dental Materials 
Biopharmaceutical and Membrane Protein Stabilization 
Bose Einstein Condensation 
Brachytherapy Dosimetry 
Bridge Safety 
Broadband Impedance Measurements of Thin-Film Electronic Materials and Devices 
Broadband Nanoscale Probing, Material Characterization and Field Imaging, for Beyond-CMOS Electronics 
Broadband, Real-Time Metrologies for Biological and Chemical Applications 
Building Control System Research 
Building Sensor Research 
Calibration of Retroreflective Traffic Control Materials 
Capacitance Standards and AC Measurements 
Carbon Nanotube Light Scattering and Surface Charge Measurement 
Cell-Biomaterials Interactions in Tissue Engineering 
Cellular Biometrology: Microfluidic Integration of Cell Culture and Analysis 
Chain Dynamics and Interaction in Double Network Hydrogels 
Characterization of Alternative Solvents 
Characterization of Charge Transport in Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Networks 
Characterization of Dispersion Compensation and Equalization Schemes 
Characterization of High-Speed Digital Interconnects and Signals 
Characterization of Interfaces and Interphases in Polymeric Material Systems 
Characterization of Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion Devices 
Characterization of Next-Generation Compact X-Ray Sources 
Characterization of Thermoelectrics for Waste Heat Recovery 
Chemical Characterization with Neutron Beam Activation Techniques 
Chemical Genomics Data Base 
Chemical Imaging 
Chemical Kinetics of Complex Processes 
Chemical Metrology of Dietary Supplements 
Chemometrics and the Metrology of Carbonaceous Aerosols 
Chip-Scale Magnetic Resonance Imaging Microscope 
Closed Loop Manufacturing 
Coherent Spectroscopy of Quantum Dots 
Cold Neutron Instrumentation 
Collisional-Radiative Modeling of Laboratory and Astrophysical Plasmas 
Color and Appearance 
Color Rendering Metric for Solid-State Lighting 
Combinatorial and Discrete Algorithms 
Combinatorial and High-Throughput Methods for Nanoimprint Lithography 
Combinatorial Approaches to Intelligent Surfaces by Polymer Grafting 
Combinatorial Measurements of Biopolymeric Templates 
Combinatorial Measurements of Directed Cell Growth on Three-Dimensional Patterned Surfaces 
Combinatorial Methods for Complex Fluid Formulations 
Combinatorial Methods for Polymer Materials 
Combinatorial Methods for Polymer Nanomaterials 
Combinatorial Methods for Screening Human Stem Cell Differentiation in 3D Tissue Scaffolds 
Combinatorial Methods for Thin-Film Functional Materials and Devices 
Combinatorial Phage Display in Materials Applications 
Combinatorial Research of Functional Materials 
Combinatorial Technology for Multicomponent Polymer Systems 
Complex Fluids’ Structural Responses to Constraints 
Composition for Innovation in Materials Design 
Computation of Optical Properties of Solids 
Computational and Theoretical Approaches for Understanding Complex Fluids 
Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark Data Base 
Computational Crystallography for Inorganic Crystal Structure Data Bases 
Computational Fluid Dynamics and Mathematical Modeling 
Computational Fluid Dynamics of Near-Critical Fluids Using Accurate Thermophysical Properties 
Computational Methods to Investigate the Dynamics and Interactions of Biological Molecules 
Computational Metrology 
Computational Modeling of Light-Matter Interactions 
Computational Modeling of Progressive Structural Failure and Collapse 
Computational Molecular Evolution and Bioinformatics 
Computational Studies of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices 
Computer Assisted Orthopedic Surgery Metrology and Calibration Needs 
Computer Integrated Building Processes 
Computer Simulation of Viscosity at Near-Experimental Uncertainty Levels 
Condensed Matter Physics Research on Graphene for New Intrinsic Quantum Electrical Standards 
Condition Monitoring and Condition Based Maintenance of Machine Tools 
Conductivity and Resistivity of Materials 
Construction Integration and Automation Program 
Control of Individual Particles for Nanotechnology 
Coordinate Dimensional Metrology 
Counting Molecules to Develop Improved Standards for Biological Threats 
Cryocoolers 
Data Analysis and Statistics 
Data Interchange Standards for Analytical and Clinical Chemistry 
Degradation Mechanisms in Flexible Coatings for Implantable Medical Device Applications 
Depth Profiling Using Neutron Beams 
Design and Analysis of Controllable-Reconfigurable Metamaterials 
Design and Evaluation of Interlaboratory Studies 
Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Chromatographic Sorbents 
Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Cellular Probes for Quantitative Microscopy of Living Cells 
Detection and Identification of Chemical and Biological Weapons and Explosives 
Detection and Quantification of Biotechnology-Derived Crop Material in Matrices 
Detection and Quantitation of Trace Gases in Ambient Air Using Photoacoustic Spectroscopy 
Develop Packaging Technologies for Meso-Micro-Nano Devices 
Develop Stereo Microscoping Vision Technology for Meso-Micro Devices 
Develop Theoretical Principles for Meso-Micro-Nano Devices Assembly and Design for Assembly 
Developing “Test-Suites” for Characterizing Complex Reaction Kinetic, Mechanisms, and Properties 
Developing Performance Metrics for Biomarkers in Cell-Based Assays 
Development of Biofilms in Confined Spaces 
Development of Biotechnological and Clinical Fluorescence Assays for Quantitative Chemical Analysis 
Development of Clinical and Biological Fluorescence Assays and Standards for Quantitative Chemical Analysis 
Development of Improved Accelerometer Calibration Capability 
Development of Intelligent Material Delivery and Handling Tools for the Assembly of Meso-Micro-Nano-Devices 
Development of Metrology Tools, Sensors, Models, Calibration Techniques, and Controllers for Meso-Micro-Nano-Robots and Meso-Micro-Nano-Devices 
Development of Robust, High-Accuracy Thermometers 
Development of the Concept for Dynamic Compilation of Thermophysical Property Data 
Development of Theoretical Tools for the Rational Design of Smart Materials 
Development of Two- and Three-Dimensional Analysis Methodology for Determining the Fate of Nanoparticles in Biological and Environmental Systems 
Diagnostics for Chemical Vapor and Atomic Layer Deposition Processes 
Diagnostics in Semiconductor Processing Plasmas 
Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy of Polymer Materials 
Diffraction Strain Mapping at NIST 
Diffuse Optical Scattering from Surfaces and Thin Films 
Diffusion in Advanced Materials 
Digital Time Transfer 
Digital-Signal-Processing Techniques for Precision Resistance and Impedance Scaling 
Dimension Metrology with Atomic Force Microscopy 
Dimensional Metrology of Radiometric Apertures 
Direct Measurement of Multiaxial Yield Surfaces 
Discovery of New Applications for Electron Spectroscopies 
Dislocation Structures from Multiaxial Deformation 
Disordered Magnetic Systems 
Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes in Liquids and Polymers 
Distributed Aperture and Micro Array Scanners Sensor 
DNA Damage, DNA Repair, and Nanomaterial Toxicity 
DNA Measurement Methods 
DNA Mutation Detection by Capillary Electrophoresis 
DNA Transport in Single Nanopores 
Domain Imaging of Magnetic Materials 
Droplet Characterization and Effectiveness Modeling 
Droplet-Surface Interaction: A Fire Suppression Perspective 
Durability and Service Life of Ballistic Fibers 
Dynamic Analyses of Hydrogen for Materials Science and H Economy 
Dynamic Mechanical Property Measurements of Metals, Ceramics, and Polymers Using Novel Kolsky Bar Techniques 
Dynamical Systems and Computational Biology 
Dynamics and Structure of Ferroelectric and Relaxor Materials 
Dynamics and Structure of Molecules and Solids 
Dynamics and Structure of Multiferroic Materials 
Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Protein Stability and Stabilization in Glass 
Dynamics of Biomolecular Systems 
Dynamics of Molecules in Porous Materials 
Dynamics of Ultracold Atoms 
Effect of Nanoscale Structure on the Properties of Heterogeneous Materials 
Effects of Environmental Exposure on the Properties of Engineered Nanomaterials 
Effects of Hydrogen on Mechanical Properties and Fracture 
Efficient, Smart, and Reliable HVAC&R Equipment 
Elastic and Anelastic Analysis of Microstructures 
Electrical and Optical Characterization of Semiconductors and Devices 
Electrodeposition of Alloys 
Electrodeposition of Strained-Layer Superlattices and Nanowires 
Electromagnetic Properties of Polymers 
Electromagnetic Scattering by Conductors and Dielectrics 
Electromagnetic Theory for Complex Environments 
Electron Accelerator Research 
Electron Microscopy Methods for Strain Measurement 
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Dosimetry 
Electron-Probe Microanalysis/Scanning Electron Microscopy 
Electronic Kilogram Determining the Planck Constant and the Kilogram Unit of Mass 
Electronic Kilogram: Measuring the Planck Constant and the Kilogram Unit of Mass 
Electronic Structure of Organic Interfaces 
Electrostatic Sensing of Molecular Charge Reconfiguration Using Si Nano Devices 
Elemental and Isotopic Laser Ablation ICP Mass Spectrometry 
Emergence in Large-Scale Distributed Systems 
Enabling Research for Next-Generation Chemical and Biochemical Sensing 
Energetics at the Nanojoule Scale 
Energy Efficient Electronics 
Engineered Indicator Cells as Living Reference Materials 
Engineered Quantum States of Light 
Engineering Atoms for Measuring Fundamental Constants and Atomic Data 
Engineering Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Substrates for Controlling Cells and Tissues 
Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules 
Environment Mapping 
Enzyme Thermodynamics Data 
Enzymes for Industrial Biocatalysis 
Extreme Ultraviolet Optics Lifetime Testing 
Extreme Ultraviolet Sources and Diagnostics 
Fate and Behavior of Engineered Nanoparticles in Saltwater Ecosystems 
Fate of Nanoparticles in Biosystems 
Femtosecond Optical Frequency Combs for Frequency Metrology and Waveform Synthesis 
Ferritin and Other Magnetic Nanoparticles in Protein Shells 
Ferromagnetic Resonance 
Field Emission Analytical Electron Microscopy/Nanoscale Compositional Mapping 
Finite Element Analysis of Material Microstructure 
Fire Dynamics 
Fire Modeling Using Parallel Computation 
Fire Safety Design and Rehabilitation of Structures 
First-Principle Calculations of Defects in Electrostatic Materials 
Fluid Flow and Energy Measurements 
Force Measurement 
Fracture of Nanomaterials 
Fragmentation Pathways in Peptide Mass Spectrometry 
Frequency-Comb Displacement Interferometry 
Fuel Cells 
Fuel Cells and Related Structures and Materials 
Full Scale Enclosure Fire Measurements at the NIST Large Fire Laboratory 
Functionalized Carbon Nanotube for Nanotechnology 
Functionalizing Semiconductor Surfaces 
Fundamental Constants and Quantum Theory 
Fundamental Modeling for Electromagnetic Compatibility 
Fundamental Physics with Cold and Ultracold Neutrons 
Fundamental Studies of Burning Velocity 
Fundamental Studies of Diffusion Flame Stabilization 
Fundamental Studies of Polymer Mechanical Properties and Adhesion 
Fundamental Studies of Transduction Phenomena for Microscale and Nanoscale Chemical/Biochemical Sensors 
Fundamentals of Charged Macromolecules at Interfaces 
Fundamentals of Chemically Amplified Photoresists for Next-Generation Lithography 
Fundamentals of the Gas Chromatographic Retention Process and Retention Parameters 
Fundamentals of van der Waals Interactions in Aromatic Clusters Theoretical 
Graphene for Spintronics 
High Accuracy Coulometry 
High Precision Isotopic Mass Spectrometry and Metrology 
High Speed Optoelectronics Measurements 
High Tc Superconductor Research 
High Temperature High Resistivity Measurements for Extreme Environments 
High-Accuracy Measurements of Pressure and Gas Density 
High-Dimensional Statistics in Bioinformatics and Metrology 
High-Dynamic Range Electrical Measurement Systems 
High-Field Superconductor Research 
High-Frequency Characterization of Novel Thin-Film Materials 
High-Frequency Dynamics in Magnetic Nanostructures 
High-Performance Detectors for Synchrotron Measurements 
High-Precision Laser Spectroscopy of Simple Atoms 
High-Resolution Laser Spectroscopy 
High-Resolution Microcalorimeters for X-Ray Microanalysis 
High-Resolution Spectroscopy with Optical Frequency Combs 
High-Resolution THz and Ultraviolet Laser Studies of Polypeptide Structure and Dynamics 
High-Resolution X-Ray Spectroscopy Using Microcalorimeter Detectors 
High-Speed Optical Receivers and Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits 
High-Temperature Gas-Phase Kinetic Studies 
High-Throughput Multiplexed Optical Bioassays for Quantitative Biomedical Diagnosis 
Human Identity Testing 
Human Interaction with Complex Systems 
Hydrogen Storage Materials 
Hydrogen Storage Materials 
Hyperspectral Image Protection 
Image Analysis, Paramaterization, and Bioinformatics for Quantitative Automated Microscopy 
Image Quantification for Biomaterials: Dependence of Microstructure of Porous Biomaterials on Mechanical and Physical Properties 
Imaging Analysis of Scaffolds and Engineered Tissue 
Imaging, Pyrometry, and Radiation Temperature 
Immersive Visualization 
Impact Assessment Research from Transformational Technology Innovation 
Implementation of Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Localized Stress Mapping on the 10 nm to 100 nm Scale 
Improvements in High-Pressure Metrology 
In Vitro Biomineralization for Bone and Dental Therapy 
In Vitro Imaging by Broadband CARS Microscopy for Regenerative Medicine 
Increasing the Reliability of our Infrastructure 
Indoor Radio Frequency Propagation Characterization for Broadband Wireless: Modeling and Measurements 
Information Retrieval 
Information Systems Security 
Information Visualization 
Infrared Frequency Comb Development 
Infrared Optical Properties of Materials Measurement 
Infrared Radiometry 
Inorganic Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry 
Inorganic Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry 
Inorganic Nanoparticles as Biological Contrast Agents 
Instrument Performance Standards for Raman Spectroscopy 
Instrumental, Radiochemical, and Preconcentration Neutron Activation Analysis 
Integration of High-Throughput Experimentation and Physical Property Data Bases 
Integration of Multiple Sensors for Intelligent Systems 
Intelligent and Distributed Engineering Product Development 
Intelligent Sensor Fusion and Analysis for Robot-Human Collaboration in Manufacturing Environment 
Interface Tissue Engineering with Graded or Stratified 3D Scaffolds 
Interferometric Reference 
Interoperability of Data Bases for Structure, Stability, and Properties of Inorganic Materials 
Intraoperative Visualization Tools 
Intrinsic Force Standards Based on Atomic and Molecular Interactions 
Investigations in Chiral Separation Methodology 
Investigations of Fundamental Chemical and Physical Processes in Chromatography and Electromigration Techniques 
Ion Storage 
Isolating and Culturing Rare Circulating Tumor Cells 
Kinetic Processes in Combustion Systems and Fires 
Kinetic Studies in Supercritical Water 
Knowledge Discovery in Large-Scale Knowledge/Data Bases 
Lab-on-a-Chip Technologies for Nanotoxicity Studies in Biosystems 
Large Eddy Simulation of Fires and Combustion Systems 
Large-Scale Dynamics in Complex Fluids 
Laser Beam Micro Arrays for Nano-Manufacturing Technology 
Laser Cooling of Neutral Atoms 
Life Cycle Assessment of Renewable Materials through Small Volume Mechanical Testing 
Linear and Nonlinear Damping and Relaxation in Magnetic Information Storage Materials 
Lithographically Directed Self-Assembly 
Low-Temperature Thermometry Research 
Macro-Meso-Micro Robots for Extremely Hazardous Environments 
Macromolecules in Confined Structures and at Interfaces 
Magnetic Modeling and Measurement of Materials 
Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications 
Magnetic Nanotechnology 
Magnetic Properties of High-Tc Superconducting Oxides 
Magnetic Sensors, Spintronic Materials, and Nanomagnetic Imaging 
Magnetic Structure of Alloys 
Magneto-Optical Trap-Based Ion Source for Focused Ion Beams 
Magnetoresistive Sensors for Medical and Other Applications 
Manufacturing Problems in Magnetic Thin Films 
Manufacturing Process Characterization Models 
Mapping Cell/Surface Interactions 
Marine Bioscience 
Marine Environmental Metabolomics Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 
Mass 
Mass Spectrometry-Based Quantitative Proteomics 
Material Properties, Pyrolysis, and Flammability 
Materials Issues for Biofuels 
Materials Test Procedures for Hydrogen Pipelines 
Mathematical Modeling 
Mathematical Modeling for Intelligent Systems 
Mathematical Modeling of Magnetic Systems 
Mathematical Reference Data 
Mathematical Software 
MBE Growth of Quantum Dots 
Measurement and Characterization of Superconducting Orbits 
Measurement and Modeling of Toxic Gases in Fire Effluents 
Measurement of Soot and Smoke Properties 
Measurement Science for Fire Research 
Measurement Science in Plasma Physics 
Measurement Techniques for Molecular Electronics 
Measurement, Control, and Interaction of Quantum States in Semiconductors for Nanophotonic Quantum Devices 
Measurements of Grain Orientation Effects and Strain-Induced Surface Structure 
Measurements of the Underlying Processes of Metals Deformation 
Measurements Supporting Homeland Security and Forensic Science 
Measures and Standards for Performance Evaluation of Human Detection Algorithms 
Mechanical Behavior of Active Nanodevices 
Mechanical Properties of Bulk Polymers, Nanocomposites, and Thin Films at Multiple Length Scales 
Mechanical Properties of Materials in Nanoscale Structures 
Mechanics of Complex Interfaces 
Mechanisms and Kinetics of Membrane Protein Crystallization in Self-Assembled Mesophases 
Mechanisms and Kinetics of Phase Transformations in Metals 
Medical Imaging with Visible Light and X Rays 
Membrane Biophysics of Single Cells 
Membrane Protein Mimics 
MEMS Rheometry 
Metabolomic and Proteomic Platforms for Evaluating the Toxicity of Engineered Nanomaterials 
Metastable Fluids and Processes in Microdevices 
Methods and Applications in Ab Initio Thermochemistry 
Methods and Trends in Measurement and Standards Education 
Metrology and Prototyping of Wide-Bandgap Semiconductor Quantum Nanowire Structures and Devices 
Metrology and Standards for Metal-Based Additive Processes 
Metrology for Immunology 
Metrology for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Artifacts and Stability 
Metrology for Mesoscale Machine Tools 
Metrology for Nuclear Nonproliferation 
Metrology for Photovoltaic Materials and Devices: Optomechanical Interactions 
Metrology for Precision Optics 
Metrology for the Development of Machining Process Models 
Metrology for Wireless Systems 
Metrology of Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) for Serum Based Cancer Detection and Monitoring 
Metrology to Support Quantitative Medical Imaging 
Metrology Tools for Biomanufacturing 
Micro- and Nano-Optomechanical Systems 
Micro-Electromechanical Systems for Metrology 
Microanalysis of Environmental Particles 
Microbeam Mass Spectrometry 
Microbial Detection and Sampling Metrology 
Microbially-Induced Corrosion in Alternative Fuel Pipelines 
Microchemistry in the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope 
MicroElectroMechanical Systems 
Microfabricated Atomic Clocks and Magnetometers 
Microfluidic Cell Culture Metrology 
Microfluidics 
Microfluidics and Lab-on-a-Chip Technologies 
Microfluidics and Lab-on-a-Chip Technologies for Controlled Molecular Self-Assembly, Analytical Biochemistry, and Multiplexed Measurements 
Microfluidics for Characterization of Complex Fluids 
Microforce Realization and Measurement 
Microform Metrology 
Microrheometry 
Microscale Fluid Flow 
Microscale Heat Transfer 
Microscale Thermophysical Phenomena 
Microscale Thermophysics 
Microscopic Properties of Hydrogen in Metals 
Microstructural Approaches to Interconnect and Thin-Film Reliability 
Microstructural Basis of Formability 
Microstructural Characterization and Structure-Property Relationships 
Microstructural Modeling of Cement-Based Materials 
Microstructural Origins of Surface Roughening and Strain Localizations 
Microstructure and Optical Properties Characterization of Polymeric Materials 
Microstructure and Property Relationships in Materials 
Microstructure of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials and Devices 
Microsystems for Massively Multiplexed Molecular Biology 
Microtechnology-Based Mechanical Property Evaluation 
Microviscometers 
Microwave Bioelectronics 
Microwave Evanescent Scanned Probe Microscopy for Materials Characterization 
Microwave Polarimetry: Precision Measurements for Cosmological Physics 
Millimeter Wave and Microwave Power Measurements 
Millimeter-Wave Wireless Systems 
Mobile Applications and Networks 
Model Polyelectrolyte Solutions 
Modeling Advanced Semiconductor Devices for Circuit Simulation 
Modeling and Visualizing Fire Dynamics 
Modeling for Scanning Electron and Ion Microscopy 
Modeling Metals Deformation at the Nanoscale 
Modeling of Complex Fluid Rheology 
Modeling of Complex Fluids in Microrheometry 
Modeling of Materials that Melt and Flow in Fire 
Modeling of Nanotube Separation 
Modeling Phase Equilibria in Aqueous Electrolyte Systems 
Modeling the Dispersion and Agglomeration of Carbon Nanotubes in Polymers 
Modeling the Hydrodynamics of Dispersed Nanotube Systems 
Modeling Thermophysical Properties for Alternative Energy Systems 
Modern Metrology 
Modes and Mechanisms of Polymers and Coatings Degradation 
Modification of Flow by Superhydrophobic Surfaces 
Molecular and Nano Magnetism 
Molecular Dimensional Metrology 
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Bacterial Vaccines 
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Biological Systems 
Molecular Electronics: Electrical Metrology 
Molecular Measuring Machine Project 
Molecular Spectroscopy Using Ring-Down Cavities and its Application to Semiconductor Crystal Growth 
Molecules in Electronics Applications 
Mössbauer Effect Spectroscopy 
Multicomponent Nanocrystalline Materials: Magnetic Engineering 
Multimodal Interfaces Research 
Multiphoton Techniques for Increased Molecular Sensitivity in Spectroscopy and Microscopy 
Multiplex PCR Assay Development 
Multiplexed Biomolecular Measurements 
Multiscale Modeling to Determine the Effect of Alloy Chemistry on Metal Properties 
Multispectral Evanescent Probe Microscopy for High Throughput Nanoscale Analysis 
Mycobacterial Adenylyl Cyclases—Role in Pathogenicity 
N-Photon Entanglement for Quantum-Based Metrology 
Nano-Optics for Chemical and Materials Characterization 
NanoBioTechnology for Single Cell and Single Molecule Manipulation and Measurement 
Nanoelectronics 
Nanofluidic Technology to Measure the Size, Charge, and Shape Distributions of Nanoparticles and Macromolecules 
Nanoimprint Lithography 
Nanoimprint Lithography Patterning of Functional Materials 
Nanoindentation for Mechanical Property Determination 
Nanomagnetism 
Nanomagnetism-Dynamics 
Nanomanufacturing of Atom-Based Standards 
Nanomaterial Environmental, Health, and Safety (Nano-EHS) 
Nanomaterials for Chemical Sensors 
Nanomechanical Properties of PolymerThin Films 
Nanomechanical Standards 
Nanomechanics of Nanomaterial Surfaces and Interfaces 
Nanoparticle Engineering, Production, Assembly, and Characterization 
Nanoparticle Ligand and Core Characterization 
Nanoparticle Segregation and Diffusion in Polymeric Films 
Nanoparticles for Bio-Medical Applications 
Nanoplasmonic Devices and Metamaterials 
Nanoscale Characterization of Polymeric Materials and Systems 
Nanoscale Crystallographic Analysis and Compound Identification by Diffraction Methods 
Nanoscale Electrical Characterization of Materials and Devices 
Nanoscale Heat Transfer for Nanomedicine 
Nanoscale Imaging for Magnetic Technology 
Nanoscale Magnetic Materials 
Nanoscale Mechanical Properties of Polymers and Composites 
Nanoscale Mechanical Reliability 
Nanoscale Physics 
Nanoscale Stress Mapping Using Confocal Raman Spectroscopy and Electron Back Scattered Diffraction 
Nanoscale Structure in Nanomaterials 
Nanoscale Systems, Nano-Optics and Nanomeasurement 
Nanostructured Interfaces for Energy Storage and Delivery 
Nanostructured Optics Metrology 
Nanostructured Thin-Film Materials 
Nanotechnology 
Nanowire Resonators, Oscillators, Mechanical Properties, and Applications 
Near-Field Resonance Energy Transfer Studies of Single Particles and Single Molecules 
Neutron and X-Ray Crystallography 
Neutron Detection and Spectroscopy 
Neutron Diffraction Studies of High-Tc Superconductors 
Neutron Field Metrology 
Neutron Imaging of Fuel Cells 
Neutron Laue Instrumentation and Crystallography 
Neutron Optics and Imaging 
Neutron Polarizers Based on Polarized 3He 
Neutron Reflectometry 
Neutron Scattering Studies of Biological Macromolecules 
Neutron Scattering Studies of Quantum Magnetism 
Neutron Scattering Studies of Superconductivity and Magnetism 
Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy 
New Approaches to Neutron Detection 
New Fire Retardant Materials Using Combustion Synthesized Nanostructures 
New Insights into Shear-Induced Effects in Complex Fluids 
New Methods for the Development of Manufacturing Simulation Models 
New Photometric System for Flashing Lights 
New Type of Terahertz Heterodyne Detectors Based on Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene 
Next Generation Robot Safety 
NIST Smart Space 
Noise Thermometry 
Nonequilibrium Interfaces 
Nonequilibrium Ordering Processes in Polymeric Materials 
Nonlinear Optical Studies of Polymer, Biomimetic, and Biological Interfaces 
Nonlinear Optical Studies of Surfaces and Interfaces 
Nonlinear Optics, Quantum Optics, and Quantum Information 
Novel Analytical Separation Science Methodology 
Novel Computational Techniques Supporting Engineering Synthesis and Analysis 
Novel Techniques to Measure Difficult Vapor Pressures 
Novel X-Ray and Neutron Scattering Methods 
Numerical Simulation of Fire Spread and Smoke Movement in the Wildland-Urban Interface 
Object-Oriented Scientific Software 
Occurrence and Fate of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment 
Occurrence and Fate of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment 
On-Wafer Microwave Measurements and Standards 
Online Metrology for Tissue Engineering 
Ontology-Based Manufacturing Standards 
Optical and Physical Characterization of Thin Films Used in Integrated-Circuit Devices 
Optical Atomic Clocks Based on Laser-Cooled Neutral Atoms 
Optical Characterization of Nanowires and Nanowire Growth Processes 
Optical Field Measurements Using Linear Optical Sampling 
Optical Lattices and Neutral Atom Quantum Computing 
Optical Metrology of Nanocrystals for Quantitative Biophysics 
Optical Metrology with Synchrotron Radiation 
Optical Nanocalorimetry 
Optical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Coatings 
Optical Properties of Materials 
Optical Pulse Characterization and System Monitoring 
Optical Spectroscopy of Quantum Dots 
Ordering Phenomena in Crystalline Materials 
Organic and Hybrid Photovoltaic Film Architecture 
Organic Electronics 
Organic Electronics 
Organic Synthesis for Biochemical Studies and Applications 
Outgassing Rate Measurements of Water from Technical Materials 
Parallel Adaptive Finite Elements 
Parallel and Distributed Computing Algorithms and Environments 
Particle Metrology 
Patterned Polymer Adhesion 
Performance Excellence and Education 
Performance Excellence and Healthcare 
Performance Improvement Practices 
Petroleomics with the Advanced Distillation Curve: A New Analytical Method for Renewable Fuels 
Phase Behavior of Polymeric Materials 
Phase Contrast Imaging with X Rays 
Phase Equilibria and Crystal Chemistry of Functional Oxides 
Phase Equilibria in Multicomponent Alloys 
Phase Field Modeling Tools and Bridging Length Scales 
Photonic Crystals 
Photophysical and Photochemical Properties of Fluorophores 
Photoreactivity of Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Nanostructures 
Photovoltaics 
Physical and Chemical Characterization of Next Generation Technologies 
Physical and Chemical Properties of Lubricants 
Physical and Chemical Properties of Radiolabeled Compounds for Targeting Applications in Nuclear Medicine 
Physical and Electrical Properties of Advanced Gate Dielectric Films 
Physical-Chemical Property Measurements of Nanoparticles and their Environmental Fates 
Physics of Semiconductor Nano-Devices and Nano-Structures 
Platforms for Measuring Optical, Electrical, and Structural Properties of Semiconductor Nanowires and their Heterostructures 
Polymer Dynamics for Energy Storage and Delivery 
Polymer Libraries for Combinatorial and High-Throughput Coatings Materials Research 
Polymer Materials Flammability Research 
Polymer Structure and Flammability Properties 
Polymerization of Surfactant Microstructures 
Polymers from Renewable Feedstocks for Sustainability 
Power Libraries for Combinatorial and High-Throughput Sustainable Materials Research 
Precision High-Speed Waveform Measurement 
Predicting Qualitative Chemistry Using Quantum Chemical Isopotential Searching 
Prediction and Optimization of Concrete 
Prevention of Progressive Structural Collapse 
Primary and Secondary pH Metrology 
Printed, Flexible Electronics 
Probability Modeling of Engineering and Physical Science Processes 
Probing Defects in Three-Dimensional Self-Assembly for Nanofabrication 
Process Analytical Applications of Infrared/Near-Infrared/Raman Spectroscopy 
Product and Process Information for Sustainable Manufacturing 
Product Engineering 
Properties for Separation Processes in Natural Gas 
Properties of Gases Used in Semiconductor Processing 
Properties of Materials in the Extreme Ultraviolet Spectral Region 
Properties of Supercritical Fluid Mixtures 
Protein and DNA Crystallography 
Protein and Surfactant Corona Measurement on Dispersed Carbon Nanotubes 
Proximal Probe Studies of the Electrode-Electrolyte Interface 
Public Domain Biometric Matching Algorithms 
Public Key Cryptography and Application 
Purified Nanotubes for Intrinsic Property Measurement 
Purity Assessment and Elemental Speciation Determination in Reference Materials Using Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 
Quadrature Laser Interferometry for Dynamic Displacement Measurements 
Quality Assurance of Carbon Nanotubes and Other Nanoparticles 
Quantification between Physical Stress and Tissue Production in Regenerative Medicine 
Quantification of Bacteria Colonization on Controlled Surfaces 
Quantification of Nanoparticle and Polymer Shape and Properties 
Quantifying a Cell Population Response in Cytotoxicity Assays 
Quantifying the Underlying Physics of Molecular Interactions 
Quantitative Cell-Based Assays for Investigating Cell-Nanoparticle Interactions 
Quantitative Flow Cytometry Measurements 
Quantitative Microscopy for Systems Biology 
Quantitative Modeling of Complex Microanalytical Problems 
Quantitative Spectroscopic Measurements for Trace Gas Analysis 
Quantitative Surface Analysis by Electron Spectroscopy 
Quantum Chemical Studies of Chemical Reactivity 
Quantum Computing Materials Development 
Quantum Computing Systems 
Quantum Computing Using Superconducting Qubits 
Quantum Cryptograph and Quantum Networks 
Quantum Degenerate Atomic Gases 
Quantum Information and Quantum Optics 
Quantum Information Applications of Si Single Electron Tunneling Devices 
Quantum Information Science 
Quantum Mechanical Standards for Pressure, Temperature, and Viscosity 
Quantum Structures within Semiconductor Nanowires 
Quantum Telecommunications 
Quantum Voltage 
Quantum-Based Electromagnetic Field Measurements 
Quantum-Based SI Traceable Electric-Field Probe 
Radiometry from the Ultraviolet to the Infrared Using Lasers 
Radionuclide Speciation 
Raman Spectroscopy of Carbon Nanostructures 
Rapid, In Vitro Imaging for Tissue Engineering 
Reacting Flow Simulations 
Reaction Rate Theories for Large Molecules in Condensed Phases 
Real/Virtual Environment for Autonomous Mobile Robots 
Redox Equilibria in Biological Systems 
Reliability and Lifetime Prediction of Active Implantable Medical Devices 
Reliability at Complex Interfaces 
Reliability at the Interface between Biological and Biomaterials 
Reliability of Integrated Circuit Dielectric Films 
Reliability of Nanostructures in Biological Environments 
Research in Advanced Polymers and Composites for Dental Applications 
Research in Elemental Speciation of Clinical and Biological Systems 
Research in Elemental Speciation of Clinical and Biological Systems 
Research in Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy 
Research in Industrial Thermometry 
Research in Metallomics 
Research in Metallomics 
Research in X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry 
Residual Stress in Electrodeposited Thin Films 
Resistance Comparisons for Fundamental Electrical Standards 
Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry System for Environmental Measurements 
Rheology Near Critical Points 
RNA Structure and Function of Marine Viruses Using High Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 
Scanning Probe Metrology 
Scatterometry-Based Nanoscale Optical Metrology 
Scientific Applications of Microcalorimeter X-Ray Detection 
Scientific Computing and Modeling for Neutron Scattering Data Analysis 
Scientific Datamining 
Screening Osteoblast Response to Multiphase Tissue Scaffolds 
Screening the Effects Pore Structure on Tissue Generation in Polymeric Scaffolds 
Security and Performance Study of Internet Routing Protocols 
Security for Mobility in Heterogeneous Networks 
Self-Assembled Monolayers for Diagnostics and Sensing 
Self-Calibration of Intelligent Robot Systems 
Semantic and Process Representation 
Semantic Web 
Semiconductor Nanowire Metrology for Electronics, Photonics, Photovoltaics, and Sensorics 
Semiconductor Quantum Optics 
Sensor Fusion for Intelligent Systems 
Sensors for Mobile Robot Navigation 
Separation Science Techniques for Trace Organic Analysis 
Separation Science Techniques for Trace Organic Analysis 
Service Life Prediction of Polymeric Materials and Systems 
Silicon Building Blocks for Beyond-CMOS Circuits 
Simulating Fire Dynamics Using Large Eddy Simulation/Direct Numerical Simulation Techniques 
Simulation of Electrocrystallization Processes 
Simulation-Based Learning Using Video Game Technology 
Single-Molecule Manipulation and Measurement 
Single-Photon Devices for Quantum Information Applications 
Small-Angle Neutron Scattering 
Small-Angle Neutron Scattering from Polymer Systems, from Complex Fluids, and in Biology 
Small-Angle Scattering of Nanoscale Structures: Critical Dimensions and Materials Properties 
Smart Sensors, Interfaces, and Networks for Metrology and Manufacturing 
Software Assurance Metrics and Tool Evaluation 
Solid-State Quantum Information Processing, Electrical Metrology, and Astrophysical Detectors 
Solidification Processing of Alloys 
Sorption and Interfacial Dynamics of Polymers 
Space-Based Remote Sensing 
Spatial Distribution of Chemical Signatures in Biofilms 
Spatial Statistics, Pattern Analysis, and Digital Image Understanding 
Spatially Resolved Microstructure of Organic Semiconductors 
Special Functions 
Spectrochemical Methods Applied to Marine and Environmental Samples 
Spectroscopic and Microscopic Determination of DNA Wrapping Structures on Carbon Nanotubes 
Spectroscopy of Reaction Intermediates 
Spectroscopy of Wide-Bandgap Mesoscopic Materials Characterization by CW and Ultrafast Nonlinear Optics 
Spectroscopy, Dynamics, and Kinetics of Molecules 
Spin and Charge Transport through Tunnel Barriers in the Ultra-Thin Barrier Limit 
Spin Electronics 
Spintronics 
Stabilization of Cytokines and Biopharmaceuticals 
Standardizing of Measurements on Medical Images 
Standards and Applications for Luminescence-Based Assays and Detector Technologies 
Standards and Traceability for Optical Medical Imaging 
Standards-Based Methods for Systems Integration 
State-of-the-Art Synchrotron Radiation Imaging 
Statistical Computing and Numerical Optimization Applications in Inorganic Materials 
Statistical Model Validation and Uncertainty Assessment for Virtual Measurements 
Statistical Physics Applied to the Deformation of Metals 
Statistical Uncertainty Assessment for Autocorrelated Measurements 
Stochastic Methods for Metrological Applications 
Stochastic Modeling and Analysis of Physical Experiments 
Stochastic Modeling, Verification, Validation, and Calibration of Computer Simulations 
Stochastic Processes in Cell Signaling 
Strong and Specific Interactions 
Structural Bioinformatics 
Structural Health Monitoring and Reliability of Infrastructural Systems 
Structure and Dynamics of Energy Storage Materials 
Structure and Dynamics of Membranes and Membrane Electrode Assemblies for Fuel Cell Applications 
Structure and Dynamics of Polymer-Nanotube Solutions and Blends 
Structure-Function Determination of Bacterial Toxins 
Structure-Function Relationships of Biological Macromolecules Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 
Structure-Function Relationships of Biological Macromolecules Using X-Ray Diffraction Techniques 
Structures of Thin-Film Hydrogen-Storage and Hydrogen-Containing Materials 
Studies in Formability and Deformation 
Studies of Bio-Nanomaterials 
Studies of Droplet Dynamics and Combustion 
Studying Single Biological Molecules with Atomic-Scale Resolution 
Submicroscopic Chemical and Physical Characterization of Materials and Particles 
Substrate and Interfacial Effects in Thin-Film Self-Assembly 
Super-Resolution Chemical Imaging Microscopy 
Superconducting and Nanometer-Scale Devices for Infrared to Millimeter-Wave Applications 
Superconducting Detectors for Mass Spectroscopy 
Superconducting Detectors for Photons from Millimeter Waves through Gamma Rays 
Superconducting Quantum Circuits and Quantum Limited Measurements 
Superconducting Quantum Interference Device Development 
Superconductor Critical Current Density Determination by Nonlinear Microwave Response 
Superconductor Measurements 
Superconformal Deposition Processes for Integrated Circuits and MEMS 
Surface Characterization of Pigmentary and Nanosize Metal Oxide Powders 
Surface Energetics: Fundamental Studies for Explosives Detection 
Surface Microanalysis by Combined Auger Electron and X-Ray Emission Spectroscopies 
Surface Properties by Design: Theory of Metal Oxide Surfaces in a Complex Environment for Industrial and Environmental Applications 
Surface Stability and Environmental Degradation 
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Biomolecules 
Sustainability in Product Design, Manufacturing Engineering, and Supply Chain Management 
Sustainable Composites: Chemistry and Mechanics of Interphases 
Sustainable-Nanotailored Multifunctional Materials 
Synchrotron Methods: Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure 
Synchrotron Methods: Ultra Soft X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy 
Synchrotron Methods: Variable Kinetic Energy X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 
Synchrotron Methods: X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy 
Synchrotron X-Ray Imaging Using USAXS 
Synthesis and Characterization of Green Polymers 
System Dynamics Modeling for Manufacturing and Homeland Security 
Technology Transfer of Award Winning Strategies 
Templates for Nanostructure Positioning 
Test Methods and Modeling of Steel Connections Under Fire and Extreme Conditions 
Test Methods for Evaluating Structure Steel Performance in Fire 
Test Structures for the Study of Nanostructured Solar Cell 
Testing Computer Forensic Software Tools 
The Center for Theoretical and Computational Materials Science 
The Measurement Science of Clinical Proteomics 
The Relationships between Microstructure, Surface Topography, and Contact Behavior during Plastic Deformation 
Theoretical and Experimental High-Frequency Dielectric and Magnetic Investigations, Biological Materials, Thin Films, Nanowires, Stochastic Fields, and Metamaterials 
Theoretical Atomic Processes, Radiation Transport, and Dosimetry 
Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics 
Theoretical Development of Equivalent Generalized Impedance Boundary Conditions 
Theoretical Investigations of High-Frequency Fields and their Interactions with Dielectric and Magnetic Materials: Nanowires, Metamaterials, Fluctuation-Dissipation Phenomena, Nonequilibrium Modeling and Noise 
Theoretical Physics: Solid State, Surface, and Chemical 
Theoretical Studies of Electron Transport in Molecular Wires 
Theory and Modeling of Small-Angle Neutron Scattering and Reflectometry 
Theory and Models for Predicting the Reliability of Nanoelectronic Devices and Structures 
Theory and Simulation of Polymers and Other Soft Materials 
Theory for Electromagnetic Interference Problems 
Theory of Magnetic Nanostructures 
Theory of Magnetism of Novel Materials 
Theory of Quantum Computing with Ultracold Neutral Atoms 
Theory of the Solid-Fluid Phase Boundary: Pure Fluids and Mixtures 
Thermal Ablation Efficacy of Optically Active Nanoparticles 
Thermal Measurements in Rapid Thermal Processing 
Thermal Noise Measurements 
Thermal Performance of Thermal Insulation 
Thermal Properties at the Nanoscale 
Thermochemical and Kinetic Data for Chemical Reaction Mechanisms 
Thermodynamic Descriptions of Fluid Behavior 
Thermodynamic Properties of Fluids—Experimental 
Thermodynamic Properties: Prediction-on-Demand 
Thermodynamics and Dynamics of Nanoparticle Systems: Theory and Simulation 
Thermodynamics of Dilute Systems 
Thermodynamics of Protein-Ligand Interactions and Conformational Changes in Biomolecular Systems 
Thermodynamics of Water-Gas Mixtures 
Thermoelectrics and other Energy Conversion Materials 
Thin-Film Refrigeration Using Normal-Insulator-Superconductor Tunnel Junctions 
Thin-Film Thermal Sensor Research 
Time Scales and Clock Ensembles 
Tip-Specimen Interaction Modeling for Scanned Probe Microscopy 
Tissue Engineered Constructs for Nanoparticle Toxicity 
Toward Quantitative Measurements Using Protein Microarrays 
Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of Phase Transformations and Crystallography 
Transport Properties of Fluids—Experimental 
Transport Properties of Fluids—Theoretical 
Trustworthy Software Systems by Design 
Tunable Laser Ensemble Development for Laser Radiometry 
Tuning Material Mechanical Properties for Directed Stem Cell Differentiation in 3D 
Ultra-Cold Bose-Fermi Mixtures 
Ultracold Collision Physics 
Ultracold Collisions 
Ultracold Gases and Fundamental Measurements 
Ultrafast Condensed-Phase Dynamics Using Mid-Infrared and Terahertz Spectroscopy 
Ultrafast Optics and Physics 
Ultrafast Signal Measurement for High-Speed Integrated Circuits 
Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Dynamics of Biomolecules 
Ultraprecise Interferometer-Based Dimensional Measurements 
Ultrasensitive, Ultraresolution, Ultracold, and Ultrafast Laser Spectroscopy—Precision Control of Light and Matter 
Ultrasmooth Surface Characterization 
Ultraviolet Laser Metrology 
Ultraviolet Photoemission Electron Microscopy of Carbon Nanosheets 
Ultraviolet Radiation Metrology 
Uncertainty in Virtual Measurements 
Unraveling Local Structure (Atomic to Nanometer Scale) 
Using Sensory Perception to Improve Safety to Human-Robot Interaction 
Using Submicrometer Synchrotron X-Ray Beams for Spatially Resolved Measurements of Elastic Strains and Orientation 
Vapor Detection in Forensic Chemical Analysis 
Variability of MS/MS Spectra 
Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality in Buildings 
Vibrational Energy Levels for Non-Harmonic Molecular Potential Energy Surfaces 
Virtual Machine Tools 
Virtual Measurements from Quantum Chemistry 
Viscometry with Torsionally Vibrating Piezoelectric Crystals 
Vision Science Research to Advance Colorimetry 
Waveform Metrology 
Wet Chemical Nanomanufacturing 
Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires: Firebrand Generation and the Ignition of Fuel Beds by Firebrands 
Wind Engineering and Multi-Hazard Failure Analysis 
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks 
Worldclass High-Resolution X-Ray Diffraction 
Worldclass X-Ray Powder Diffraction 
Worldclass X-Ray Reflectometry 
X-Ray Microscopy of Low-Density Materials 
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